Athletes should drink only as much fluid as they lose due to sweating during a race. Take precautions during high-intensity activities.Always talk with your doctor about the risks of a new medication. If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of hyponatremia or you take diuretic medications, be aware of the signs and symptoms of low blood sodium. Getting treatment for conditions that contribute to hyponatremia, such as adrenal gland insufficiency, can help prevent low blood sodium. The following measures may help you prevent hyponatremia: This may be related to the effect of women's sex hormones on the body's ability to balance sodium levels. Premenopausal women appear to be at the greatest risk of hyponatremia-related brain damage. In acute hyponatremia, sodium levels drop rapidly - resulting in potentially dangerous effects, such as rapid brain swelling, which can result in a coma and death. In chronic hyponatremia, sodium levels drop gradually over 48 hours or longer - and symptoms and complications are typically more moderate. People who drink too much water while taking part in marathons, ultramarathons, triathlons and other long-distance, high-intensity activities are at an increased risk of hyponatremia. Medical conditions that may increase your risk of hyponatremia include kidney disease, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) and heart failure, among others. Conditions that decrease your body's water excretion.In addition, the recreational drug Ecstasy has been linked to fatal cases of hyponatremia. Medications that increase your risk of hyponatremia include thiazide diuretics as well as some antidepressants and pain medications. Older adults may have more contributing factors for hyponatremia, including age-related changes, taking certain medications and a greater likelihood of developing a chronic disease that alters the body's sodium balance. The following factors may increase your risk of hyponatremia: This amphetamine increases the risk of severe and even fatal cases of hyponatremia. Low levels of thyroid hormone also can cause a low blood-sodium level. Adrenal gland insufficiency (Addison's disease) affects your adrenal glands' ability to produce hormones that help maintain your body's balance of sodium, potassium and water. Because you lose sodium through sweat, drinking too much water during endurance activities, such as marathons and triathlons, can also dilute the sodium content of your blood. Drinking excessive amounts of water can cause low sodium by overwhelming the kidneys' ability to excrete water. This causes your body to lose electrolytes, such as sodium, and also increases ADH levels. Chronic, severe vomiting or diarrhea and other causes of dehydration.In this condition, high levels of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) are produced, causing your body to retain water instead of excreting it normally in your urine. Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH).Congestive heart failure and certain diseases affecting the kidneys or liver can cause fluids to accumulate in your body, which dilutes the sodium in your body, lowering the overall level. Some medications, such as some water pills (diuretics), antidepressants and pain medications, can interfere with the normal hormonal and kidney processes that keep sodium concentrations within the healthy normal range. Many possible conditions and lifestyle factors can lead to hyponatremia, including: Hyponatremia occurs when the sodium in your blood falls below 135 mEq/L. It helps maintain normal blood pressure, supports the work of your nerves and muscles, and regulates your body's fluid balance.Ī normal blood sodium level is between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
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